主結果の概要. NF 型位相群 G から G 作用付き代数的閉体 F(G) を (位相群の開単射 に関して) 関手的に構成する “群論的手続き” が存在する: (引用終り) 以上 0212132人目の素数さん2022/02/12(土) 12:59:25.01ID:/qkcTHB7 Peter Scholze君のIUTに対する批判(下記) ”the reader will not find any proof that is longer than a few lines ・・ which is in line with the amount of mathematical conten ” https://zbmath.org/pdf/07317908.pdf Mochizuki, Shinichi Inter-universal Teichmuller theory. I: Construction of Hodge theaters. (English) Publ. Res. Inst. Math. Sci. 57, No. 1-2, 3-207 (2021). Reviewer: Peter Scholze (Bonn) In parts II and III, with the exception of the critical Corollary 3.12, the reader will not find any proof that is longer than a few lines; the typical proof reads “The various assertions of Corollary 2.3 follow immediately from the definitions and the references quoted in the statements of these assertions.”, which is in line with the amount of mathematical content. (引用終り)
つまり ”the reader will not find any proof that is longer than a few lines”、”which is in line with the amount of mathematical content”
原文:Esaki's “five don’ts” rules 1.Don’t allow yourself to be trapped by your past experiences. 2.Don’t allow yourself to become overly attached to any one authority in your field ? the great professor, perhaps. 3.Don’t hold on to what you don’t need. 4.Don’t avoid confrontation. 5.Don’t forget your spirit of childhood curiosity.
この様にしてSetAは糞の役(肥料)にも立たないどころか世界共通公害な毒レスを撒き散らし続ける。 0224132人目の素数さん2022/02/23(水) 12:21:57.52ID:U3yS+cNO メモ http://www4.math.sci.osaka-u.ac.jp/~nakamura/selection.html Several articles of H.Nakamura
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate_module In mathematics, a Tate module of an abelian group, named for John Tate, is a module constructed from an abelian group A. Often, this construction is made in the following situation: G is a commutative group scheme over a field K, Ks is the separable closure of K, and A = G(Ks) (the Ks-valued points of G). In this case, the Tate module of A is equipped with an action of the absolute Galois group of K, and it is referred to as the Tate module of G.
Contents 1 Definition 2 Examples 2.1 The Tate module 2.2 The Tate module of an abelian variety 3 Tate module of a number field
Examples The Tate module When the abelian group A is the group of roots of unity in a separable closure Ks of K, the p-adic Tate module of A is sometimes referred to as the Tate module (where the choice of p and K are tacitly understood). It is a free rank one module over Zp with a linear action of the absolute Galois group GK of K. Thus, it is a Galois representation also referred to as the p-adic cyclotomic character of K. It can also be considered as the Tate module of the multiplicative group scheme Gm,K over K. 0227132人目の素数さん2022/03/10(木) 07:21:07.81ID:ix0kZYRP メモ https://arxiv.org/pdf/2202.00219.pdf Approximating Absolute Galois Groups Gunnar Carlsson, Roy Joshua February 2, 2022
P4 where S1 denotes the circle group,
Proposition 2.3 The construction A → A^ satisfies the following properties. 1. The^-construction defines an equivalence of categories from the category of compact topological abelian groups to the opposite of the category of discrete abelian groups. The^-construction is its own inverse. 2. For a profinite group G, G^ is isomorphic to Homc(G, μ∞), where μ∞ ⊆ S1 is the group of all roots of unity, isomorphic to Q/Z. If G is a p-profinite group, then μ∞ can be replaced by μp∞, the group of all p-power roots of unity, isomorphic to Z[1/p]/Z. 3. The functor A → A^ is exact. 4. For G a profinite abelian group, G is torsion free if and only if G^ is divisible. Similarly for “p-torsion free” and “p-divisible”.
Proof: Statement (1) is one version of the statement of the Pontrjagin duality theorem, (2) is an immediate consequence, and (3) follows immediately from (1). It remains to prove (4). To prove (4), we note that G is torsion free if and only if the sequence 0 → G ー(×n) -→ G is exact. The exactness proves that this occurs if and only if G^ G^ ×n ー(×n) -→G^-→ 0 is exact, so ×n is surjective. This is the result.
We now have the main result of this section. Theorem 2.1 Let F be any field containing all roots of unity. Then the absolute Galois group GF of F is totally torsion free. Remark 2.3 Class field theory shows, for example, that one cannot expect this result to hold for absolute Galois groups of number fields, so that some condition on the field is necessary.
そこで、当時数人が集まってやっていた圏論勉強会に参加して圏論の勉強を始めました。当時読んでいた書籍は Conceptual Mathematics: A First Introduction to Categories でした。この本は圏論の初学者向けに書かれた本で、数学的な知識をほとんど仮定せずに理解できるように書かれている非常によい本です。一方で全く数学の素養がない状態で読むと、証明もちゃんと追えているのかあやふやでなんとなく分かった気にさせられる本でもあります。私がまさにそのような状態でした。
Abstract. We combine various well-known techniques from the theory of heights, the theory of “noncritical Belyi maps”, and classical analytic number theory to conclude that the “ABC Conjecture”, or, equivalently, the so-called “Effective Mordell Conjecture”, holds for arbitrary rational points of the projective line minus three points if and only if it holds for rational points which are in “sufficiently general position” in the sense that the following properties are satisfied: (a) the rational point under consideration is bounded away from the three points at infinity at a given finite set of primes; (b) the Galois action on the l-power torsion points of the corresponding elliptic curve determines a surjection onto GL2(Zl), for some prime number l which is roughly of the order of the sum of the height of the elliptic curve and the logarithm of the discriminant of the minimal field of definition of the elliptic curve, but does not divide the conductor of the elliptic curve, the rational primes that are absolutely ramified in the minimal field of definition of the elliptic curve, or the local heights [i.e., the orders of the q-parameter at primes of [bad] multiplicative reduction] of the elliptic curve.
Introduction In the classical intersection theory of subvarieties, or cycles, on algebraic varieties, various versions of the “moving lemma” allow one to replace a given cycle by another cycle which is equivalent, from the point of view of intersection theory, to the given cycle, but is supported on subvarieties which are in a “more convenient” position ? i.e., typically, a “more general” position, which is free of inessential, exceptional pathologies ? within the ambient variety. 0237132人目の素数さん2022/04/29(金) 06:37:49.57ID:b8gsErp4 <q-parameter についてメモ> https://ivanfesenko.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/notesoniut.pdf ARITHMETIC DEFORMATION THEORY VIA ARITHMETIC FUNDAMENTAL GROUPS AND NONARCHIMEDEAN THETA-FUNCTIONS, NOTES ON THE WORK OF SHINICHI MOCHIZUKI IVAN FESENKO This text was published in Europ. J. Math. (2015) 1:405?440. P9 If v is a bad reduction valuation and Fv is the completion of F with respect to v, then the Tate curve F× v /hqvi, where qv is the q-parameter of EF at v and hqvi is the cyclic group generated by qv, is isomorphic to EF(Fv), hqvi → the origin of EF, see Ch.V of [44] and §5 Ch.II of [43]. P10 Define an idele qEF ∈ lim -→ A×k: its components at archimedean and good reduction valuations are taken to be 1. Its components at places where EF has split multiplicative reduction are taken to be qv, where qv is the q-parameter of the Tate elliptic curve EF(Fv) = F×v /hqvi. The ultimate goal of the theory is to give a suitable bound from above on deg(qEF). Fix a prime integer l > 3 which is relatively prime to the bad reduction valuations of EF, as well as to the value nv of the local surjective discrete valuation of the q-parameter qv for each bad reduction valuation v. P13 Let q ∈ L be a non-zero element of the maximal ideal of the ring of integers of L (this q will eventually be taken to be the q-parameter qv of the Tate curve EF(Fv) ' F×v /hqvi, where L = Fv, for bad reduction primes v of E, see Ch.5 of [44]).
Just as in the classical complex theory, elliptic functions on L with period q can be expressed in terms of θ, a property which highlights the central role of nonarchimedean theta-functions in the theory of functions on the Tate curve. For more information see §2 Ch.I and §5 Ch.II of [43] and p. 306-307 of [38]. ・・ via the change of variables q = exp(2πiτ),u = exp(2πiz)
P24 54 In IUT, the two combinatorial dimensions of a ring, which are often related to two ring-theoretic dimensions (one of which is geometric, the other arithmetic), play a central role. These two dimensions are reminiscent of the two parameters (one of which is related to electricity, the other to magnetism) which are employed in a subtle fashion in the study of graphene to establish a certain important synchronisation for hexagonal lattices. (引用終り) 以上 0239132人目の素数さん2022/04/29(金) 06:40:42.26ID:b8gsErp4>>237 q-parameter についてメモ 追加
Inter-universal geometry と ABC予想 (応援スレ) 65 https://rio2016.5ch.net/test/read.cgi/math/1644632425/490-4940240132人目の素数さん2022/04/29(金) 10:40:50.66ID:b8gsErp4 メモ (最新版) https://www.kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~motizuki/Essential%20Logical%20Structure%20of%20Inter-universal%20Teichmuller%20Theory.pdf ON THE ESSENTIAL LOGICAL STRUCTURE OF INTER-UNIVERSAL TEICHMULLER THEORY IN TERMS ¨ OF LOGICAL AND “∧”/LOGICAL OR “∨” RELATIONS: REPORT ON THE OCCASION OF THE PUBLICATION OF THE FOUR MAIN PAPERS ON INTER-UNIVERSAL TEICHMULLER THEORY ¨ Shinichi Mochizuki April 2022 P140版
(元) https://www.kurims.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~motizuki/On%20the%20Essential%20Logical%20Structure%20of%20IUT%20IV,%20V%20(marked%20up%20version).pdf ON THE ESSENTIAL LOGICAL STRUCTURE OF INTER-UNIVERSAL TEICHMULLER THEORY I, II, III, IV, V ¨ Shinichi Mochizuki (RIMS, Kyoto University) September 2021 P42版 0241132人目の素数さん2022/05/01(日) 02:53:34.98ID:6LpCNPT7 無様ここに極まれり 0242132人目の素数さん2022/05/01(日) 08:16:10.72ID:txhCGf0/ これいいね
定義(等角同型). ふたつのリーマン面 S と R が等角同型 (conformally isomorphic) または単に 同型 (isomorphic) であるとは,ある正則(等角)な同相写像 h : S → R が存在するときをいう. 定理 7.1 (一意化定理) 任意のリーマン面は,次のような形のリーマン面 R と等角同 型である: R = X/Γ ただし X = C?, C, もしくは D であり,Γ は P SL(2, C) のある離散部分群. まだ P SL(2, C) が X がどのように作用するのかが説明されていないので,現時点ではかなりあいま い主張であるが,この X/Γ がモデルに相当するリーマン面である.とりあえず,「任意のリーマン面 は,ごくごく簡単なリーマン面を,P SL(2, C) という比較的素性のよくわかっている群の部分群で 割ったものと同等だ」という部分に意味がある.1 以下ではその構成方法を概観するが,その手順は はあたかも,地球から地球儀を構成するかのようである.地表をくまなく歩いて地図帳を作り,それ を使い慣れた材質に写し取りながら模型を構成していく. まずは準備段階として,定理の証明に必要な「基本群と被覆空間」の用語を復習しつつ,リーマン 面の普遍被覆空間を構成する.2
8 リーマン面の一意化定理 一意化定理の証明を終わらせよう.手順としては,
8.2 商リーマン面の構成
8.3 リーマン面の一意化
単連結リーマン面の一意化定理. まず次の定理は証明無しで用いよう: 定理 8.5 (ケーベ,ポアンカレ) 任意の単連結リーマン面 X は,C?, C,もしくは D と 等角同型である. 証明は簡単ではない.まずコンパクトな場合(C? )とそうでないでない場合に分け,さらにグリーン 関数が構成できる(D)かできない(C)かで区別される.
9 タイヒミュラー空間の定義 今回の目標はとにかく,タ空間を定義することにある.最初に前回の補足として例外型・双曲型 リーマン面について解説したあと,言葉の準備(写像の持ち上げ,リーマン面上の擬等角写像)をし て,定義に取り掛かる.定義の意味については,次回に. 以下,S, R をリーマン面とする.
9.2 写像の持ち上げ
9.3 リーマン面間の擬等角写像の定義
9.5 タイヒミュラー空間の定義 いよいよ,「リーマン面 S のタイヒミュラー空間」を定義する.とりあえず,形式的に定義を済ま せてしまおう. S とそのアトラス A を固定する.つぎに,別のリーマン面 R で,S からの向きを保つ擬等角写像 f : S → R が存在するようなもの全体を考える.もう少し形式的に,そのような f と R のペアとし て (R, f) の形のもの全体を考えるのである.この写像 f をマーキング (marking) と呼び,(R, f) を マークされたリーマン面 (marked Riemann surface) と呼ぶ. その全体の集合に,次の同値関係を考えよう:
It can be viewed as a moduli space for marked hyperbolic structure on the surface, and this endows it with a natural topology for which it is homeomorphic to a ball of dimension 6g-6 for a surface of genus g >= 2. In this way Teichmuller space can be viewed as the universal covering orbifold of the Riemann moduli space.
Contents 1 History 2 Definitions 2.1 Teichmuller space from complex structures 2.2 The Teichmuller space of the torus and flat metrics 2.3 Finite type surfaces 2.4 Teichmuller spaces and hyperbolic metrics 2.5 The topology on Teichmuller space 2.6 More examples of small Teichmuller spaces 2.7 Teichmuller space and conformal structures 2.8 Teichmuller spaces as representation spaces 2.9 A remark on categories 2.10 Infinite-dimensional Teichmuller spaces 3 Action of the mapping class group and relation to moduli space 3.1 The map to moduli space 3.2 Action of the mapping class group 3.3 Fixed points 4 Coordinates 4.1 Fenchel?Nielsen coordinates 4.2 Shear coordinates 4.3 Earthquakes 5 Analytic theory 5.1 Quasiconformal mappings 5.2 Quadratic differentials and the Bers embedding 5.3 Teichmuller mappings 6 Metrics 6.1 The Teichmuller metric 6.2 The Weil?Petersson metric 7 Compactifications 7.1 Thurston compactification 7.2 Bers compactification 7.3 Teichmuller compactification 7.4 Gardiner?Masur compactification 8 Large-scale geometry 9 Complex geometry 9.1 Metrics coming from the complex structure 9.2 Kahler metrics on Teichmuller space 9.3 Equivalence of metrics 10 See also 11 References 12 Sources 13 Further reading
History Moduli spaces for Riemann surfaces and related Fuchsian groups have been studied since the work of Bernhard Riemann (1826-1866), who knew that 6g-6 parameters were needed to describe the variations of complex structures on a surface of genus g >= 2. The early study of Teichmuller space, in the late nineteenth?early twentieth century, was geometric and founded on the interpretation of Riemann surfaces as hyperbolic surfaces. Among the main contributors were Felix Klein, Henri Poincare, Paul Koebe, Jakob Nielsen, Robert Fricke and Werner Fenchel.
The main contribution of Teichmuller to the study of moduli was the introduction of quasiconformal mappings to the subject. They allow us to give much more depth to the study of moduli spaces by endowing them with additional features that were not present in the previous, more elementary works. After World War II the subject was developed further in this analytic vein, in particular by Lars Ahlfors and Lipman Bers. The theory continues to be active, with numerous studies of the complex structure of Teichmuller space (introduced by Bers).
The geometric vein in the study of Teichmuller space was revived following the work of William Thurston in the late 1970s, who introduced a geometric compactification which he used in his study of the mapping class group of a surface. Other more combinatorial objects associated to this group (in particular the curve complex) have also been related to Teichmuller space, and this is a very active subject of research in geometric group theory. (引用終り) 以上 0259132人目の素数さん2022/06/12(日) 23:01:59.33ID:Vf6rE6Wr 擬等角写像 Quasiconformal mapping
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasiconformal_mapping Quasiconformal mapping Contents 1 Definition 2 A few facts about quasiconformal mappings 3 Measurable Riemann mapping theorem 4 Computational quasi-conformal geometry 0260132人目の素数さん2022/06/12(日) 23:11:50.47ID:Vf6rE6Wr 似ているが、ちょっと違う Quasiregular map:between Euclidean spaces Rn of the same dimension or, more generally,・・ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasiregular_map Quasiregular map In the mathematical field of analysis, quasiregular maps are a class of continuous maps between Euclidean spaces Rn of the same dimension or, more generally, between Riemannian manifolds of the same dimension, which share some of the basic properties with holomorphic functions of one complex variable.
Contents 1 Motivation 2 Definition 3 Properties 4 Rickman's theorem 5 Connection with potential theory 0261132人目の素数さん2022/06/12(日) 23:24:14.69ID:Vf6rE6Wr Punctured Torus Group https://www.cajpn.org/ref.html 複素解析学ホームページ 資料室
謝辞.本稿§5は藤原一宏氏の許可の下,2001年1月10日及び11日の藤原氏の北海道大学での講 演のノートを基にして記述した.藤原氏に感謝したい.また査読者の方々からは,文章構成などに関 して多くのお知恵を頂いた.査読者の方々に感謝したい. (引用終り) 以上 0278132人目の素数さん2022/06/25(土) 20:14:53.38ID:rjLBI7WThttps://www.math.tsukuba.ac.jp/~tasaki/ 田崎博之のページ 2023年3月末日に勤務している筑波大学を定年退職します。 それに伴ってこのホームページは閉鎖します。 その際、ホームページの全部または一部をどこかに移設しようと考えています。 移設先や内容についてアドバイスやご意見等ありましたら、 お知らせいただければ幸いです。 https://www.math.tsukuba.ac.jp/~tasaki/lecture/lecture.html 講義 https://www.math.tsukuba.ac.jp/~tasaki/lecture/ln2019/diffgeoI.html 数理物質科学研究科:微分幾何学I(月2) ファイバー束 pdf : 講義資料(7月22日分まで) https://www.math.tsukuba.ac.jp/~tasaki/lecture/ln2019/diffgeoI2019-dist.pdf http://www.math.tsukuba.ac.jp/~tasaki/lecture/ln2019/diffgeoI2019-dist.pdf 第1章 基本群と被覆空間 0279132人目の素数さん2022/06/25(土) 23:10:27.85ID:rjLBI7WThttp://www.misojiro.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~hirai/ Hiroshi Hirai Associate Professor Department of Mathematical Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/Teichm%C3%BCller+theory Teichmuller theory nLab Contents 1. Idea 2. Properties Complex structure on Teichmuller space Relation to moduli stack of complex curves / Riemann surfaces 3. Related concepts 4. References
3. Related concepts Kodaira-Spencer theory moduli space of curves Grothendieck-Teichmuller group quantum Teichmuller theory p-adic Teichmuller theory inter-universal Teichmuller theory Outer space for version in supergeometry see at super Riemann surface
Quantization of Teichmuller spaces and the quantum dilogarithm RM Kashaev Letters in Mathematical Physics 43 (2), 105-115 引用246 1998年
http://sciencewise.info/resource/Teichm_ller_modular_group/Teichm%C3%BCller_modular_group_by_Wikipedia ScienceWISE Mapping class group of a surface From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In mathematics, and more precisely in topology, the mapping class group of a surface, sometimes called the modular group or Teichmuller modular group, is the group of homeomorphisms of the surface viewed up to continuous (in the compact-open topology) deformation. It is of fundamental importance for the study of 3-manifolds via their embedded surfaces and is also studied in algebraic geometry in relation to moduli problems for curves.
The mapping class group can be defined for arbitrary manifolds (indeed, for arbitrary topological spaces) but the 2-dimensional setting is the most studied in group theory. The mapping class group of surfaces are related to various other groups, in particular braid groups and outer automorphism groups.
Contents 1 History 2 Definition and examples 2.1 Mapping class group of orientable surfaces 2.2 The mapping class groups of the sphere and the torus 2.3 Mapping class group of surfaces with boundary and punctures 2.4 Mapping class group of an annulus 2.5 Braid groups and mapping class groups 2.6 The Dehn?Nielsen?Baer theorem 2.7 The Birman exact sequence 3 Elements of the mapping class group 3.1 Dehn twists 3.2 The Nielsen?Thurston classification 3.3 Pseudo-Anosov diffeomorphisms 4 Actions of the mapping class group 4.1 Action on Teichmuller space 4.2 Action on the curve complex 4.3 Other complexes with a mapping class group action 4.3.1 Pants complex 4.3.2 Markings complex 5 Generators and relations for mapping class groups 5.1 The Dehn?Lickorish theorem 5.2 Finite presentability 5.3 Other systems of generators 5.4 Cohomology of the mapping class group 6 Subgroups of the mapping class groups 6.1 The Torelli subgroup 6.2 Residual finiteness and finite-index subgroups 6.3 Finite subgroups 6.4 General facts on subgroups 7 Linear representations (引用終り) 以上 0283132人目の素数さん2022/07/03(日) 07:48:51.05ID:ufzWvOVH>>281 関連 http://pantodon.jp/index.rb?body=Teichmuller_space Algebraic Topology: A guide to literature Teichuller空間 Last updated on 2021-07-08
Riemann面に関係したことを考えるときには Teichuller空間は必ず必要になる。
・Riemann面のmoduli spaceは Teichmuller spaceのmapping class groupによる商空間 ・Teichmuller空間はEuclid空間と同相であり, よって可縮
またRiemann面のmoduli spaceはmapping class groupの分類空間にかなり近いものであることも分か る。実際, Harerは[Har86]で, 「割る前」のTeichmuller空間を mapping class groupの作用を込めて考え, mapping class groupのvirtual cohomological dimensionの評価を得ている。
座標変換はまず φ?1 で M に戻してから ψ によって座標のある集合 V ' に写す写像である。間に座標が決められていない空間 M を挟む形になっているものの、座標変換全体はユークリッド空間の部分集合 U ' からユークリッド空間の部分集合 V ' への写像になっている。すなわち M を経由しているという事実を無視し、座標変換を合成写像としてではなく全体で 1 つの写像として捉えると、それは普通のユークリッド空間からユークリッド空間への写像である。
m 次元座標近傍の族 S = {(Uλ, φλ) | λ ∈ Λ} が M 全体を覆っているとする:
極大座標近傍系 m 次元位相多様体 M に対し Cn 級座標近傍系として S と T の 2つを取るとする。和集合 S ∪ T が再び M のCn 級座標近傍系になるとき、 S と T は同値であるという。これは同値関係を定める。これは S に属する座標近傍と T に属する座標近傍の間にも座標変換が存在し S での計算と T での計算に違いが無いという性質を保証するための同値関係である。
こうして座標近傍系の取り方に依存しない Cn 級多様体が定義される。m 次元位相多様体 M 上に互いに微分同相でない複数の微分構造が存在することもある。
多様体上の関数 m 次元 Cn 級多様体 M 上で定義された実数値関数 f を考える。
f: M → R これは、多様体上の点 p ∈ M に対して実数値 f(p) を対応させる関数である。特定の局所座標を考えているわけではないので、この関数の変数は (x1, x2, ..., xm) のように数を並べた座標ではなく単に点を表している。
{ φ(t) ∈ M | t ∈ I} という点の集合を曲線というのではなく、写像 φ を曲線というのである。なお、φ の変数 t を媒介変数という。
a ? c < d ? b とする。φ が 開区間 I = (a,b) で定義された Cr 級曲線であるとき、 I に含まれる閉区間 [c,d] や 半開区間 [c,d), (c,d] に φ の定義域を制限して得られる写像も Cr 級曲線という。
歴史 多様体の歴史はゲッティンゲンで行われたリーマンの講演に始まる。
多様体論は、ロバチェフスキーの双曲幾何学によって始まった非ユークリッド幾何学やガウスの曲面論を背景として様々な幾何学を統一し、 n 次元の幾何学へと飛躍させた。発見当初はカント哲学に打撃を与えた非ユークリッド幾何学も多様体論の一例でしかなくなってしまった。
リーマンがゲッティンゲン大学の私講師に就任するために行った講演『幾何学の基礎に関する仮説について』の中で「何重にも拡がったもの」と表現した概念が n 次元多様体のもとになり n 次元の幾何学に関する研究が始まった。この講演を聴いていたガウスがその着想に夢中になり、(ガウスは普段はあまり表立って他人を褒めることはなかったが、)リーマンの着想がいかに素晴らしいかを同僚に語り続けたり、帰り道にうわの空で道端の溝に落ちたりしたと言われている。
原文 Hermann Weyl gave an intrinsic definition for differentiable manifolds in his lecture course on Riemann surfaces in 1911?1912, opening the road to the general concept of a topological space that followed shortly. During the 1930s Hassler Whitney and others clarified the foundational aspects of the subject, and thus intuitions dating back to the latter half of the 19th century became precise, and developed through differential geometry and Lie group theory. Notably, the Whitney embedding theorem[6] showed that the intrinsic definition in terms of charts was equivalent to Poincare's definition in terms of subsets of Euclidean space. (引用終り) 以上 0300132人目の素数さん2022/07/14(木) 16:57:25.04ID:/Ighvrnv これいいね! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gLSbnGns1M4 【位相幾何】被覆空間の定義とリフトの一意性【代数トポロジー】 578 回視聴 2022/02/16 【参考文献】 ・講座 数学の考え方〈15〉代数的トポロジー https://www.アマゾン.co.jp/%E8%AC%9B%E5...